Acne

Acne is a very common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often appears on the face, chest, back, and shoulders.

What causes acne?

Several factors contribute:

• Excess oil (sebum) production
• Clogged pores from dead skin cells
• Bacteria (especially Cutibacterium acnes)
• Inflammation
• Hormonal changes (puberty, menstrual cycles, certain medications)

Genetics also play a role. Contrary to popular belief, chocolate or greasy food alone rarely causes acne, though a high-glycemic diet may worsen it in some people.

Types of acne lesions

• Whiteheads and blackheads – non-inflammatory clogged pores
• Papules and pustules – red, inflamed bumps (pustules contain pus)
• Nodules and cysts – deeper, painful lesions that can scar

Treatment options

Treatment depends on severity:

• Mild: Over-the-counter products with benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or adapalene
• Moderate: Prescription topical retinoids, antibiotics, or combination therapies
• Severe or scarring: Oral medications (antibiotics, hormonal therapy, isotretinoin) under specialist supervision

Consistency matters. Most treatments take 6–8 weeks to show clear improvement.

When to see a dermatologist

Consult a board-certified dermatologist if:

• Over-the-counter products are not helping after several weeks
• Acne is painful, cystic, or leaving scars
• It is affecting your self-esteem or quality of life
• You develop sudden severe acne as an adult